@flutherother From the amount of answers your question has gotten so far, not only you but a lot of people are interested in this topic.
You can translate any word using combinations of other words but the effect is not the same. I don’t entirely agree, sometimes it is and sometimes it isn’t.
Some of your questions have already been addressed if you care to read carefully:
Why do some languages not distinguish between blue and green? As @morphail said these things are largely just accidents of history. Rather brief and simple, but truth.
There are also things in our mind that cannot be expressed. When listening to music it is impossible to describe in words why we like it. I posted earlier: One of the first things I learned in Linguistics was the notion that language in general…is defective by nature in that it fails to convey all human thought, emotions, feelings, and life experiences through speech. The first thing you will listen on your first Linguistics class or when you open a Linguistics book is one of these: Human experience is multisensory and spoken language cannot convey all the…, Language cannot properly represent reality., Language cannot convey the entirety of the human experience., Language cannot convey the deep vision of human nature., Meaning of the individual mind is never fully transferable through language., etc., etc.
And then there is mathematics, which describes the world much more accurately than words. Is it a language? In general terms Math is a language because it involves a code to transfer meaning and communicate something, but to talk about math you have to speak a language.