I would guess they do, but the term plastic surgery is older than the material plastic. It is used here as an adjective meaning ‘capable of being molded or modeled’ . They rearrange bone and flesh, molding it in a plastic manner.
Wikipedia says, “This meaning [of plastic] in English is seen as early as 1598.The surgical definition of “plastic” first appeared in 1839, preceding the modern “engineering material made from petroleum” sense by 70 years.”