Yes, the periodic table is the reference for the mass of the elements. The difference between mass and weight is pretty easy. The mass is a measure of material in a sample. The weight is the measurement of gravity on that mass. If you take 100 grams of gold on Earth, it will have a certain weight. If you take it to the moon it will weigh about 1/6 the “weight” even though the mass is the same.

On the periodic table, all of the elements have an atomic number which is the number of protons in the nucleus. Under each element’s symbol is another number which is the atomic weight. That represents the average weight of an atom of that element in atomic mass units. But if you have a “mole” of that element (6.02e23 atoms), it will have the atomic mass number of grams. The atomic mass of Carbon is 12. One mole of Carbon is 12 grams.

You will have to search for density of elements to be able to calculate weight for a given volume. Some periodic tables show density of each element, most do not.

This chart is a good places to start. density of the elements

Note: I discovered an error. Diamond is 3.5 grams/cc not 3500.

@LuckyGuy – Units, units!