The seeds contain thiocyanates, the same compound that gives horseradish its burn. It’s probably irritating your cats mucous membranes, which would explain the strange behavior.
Thiocyanates are toxic taken in significant quantities. They can cause inhibition of iodine uptake by the thyroid, which leads to hormone problems.
There is not an enormous amount of thiocyanate in radish seeds. They’re quite safe for human consumption.