From my experience, in the States, a resume is used as part of an application for a non-academic job, while a CV is used for academic jobs (professorships, teaching at university, etc.) While I have always been told that a resume should not exceed 1 typed page, conventionally, a CV can go on, and on…. They also tend to highlight different types of experiences. CV’s are specialized to include things that are relevant for academic jobs, such as teaching experience, service to university, education (including dissertation topic and advisers).