Lamarck is wrong. Darwin is correct. So, in general the answer is no.
However, entire populations over the long run can change their bodies and behavior. From Wikipedia:
“In population genetics and evolution, genetic memory represents the recorded history of adaptive changes in a species. Selection of organisms carrying genes coding for the best adapted proteins results in the evolution of species. An example for such a genetic memory is the innate immune response that represents a recording of the history of common microbial and viral pathogens encountered throughout the evolutionary history of the species.”
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_memory_(biology)
Another examples include: fear of heights, fear or large snakes, fear of large spiders and so forth.
@LocoLuke – The genetic code influences the connections in our brains. And so does the environment during the lifetime of an individual.